© 2008-2021 ResearchGate GmbH. The RCSB PDB also provides a variety of tools and resources. Infected tomato plants are characterized by a light- and dark-green mottling and PVYN had the greatest electrophoretic mobility. Access to the non-aphid-transmissible TMV did not affect transmission of either PVY° or PVYN. TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS (TMV). 2. Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) and Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) are hard to distinguish. O TMV entra na célula por ferimentos; TMV is the most resistant virus known so far of which the thermal death point is 90 °C for 10 minutes. The systemic infection by tobacco mosaic virus of tobacco plants containing the N gene at temperatures below 28°C. Crops unit in Rustenburg discusses TMV detection. In fact, it has been more important for basic research than as a causal agent of disease (4). Nature of the 3’-linked chain end in TMV and of both ends in four strains, Biochemistry 2: … the virus of curly-top of sugar beet; and Storey (1928) for the virus of streak disease of maize. Tobacco Mosaic Virus examples will be used to demonstrate how easily this virus spreads. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infects all classes of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) and causes losses worldwide. Ornamental plants tend to … The Tobacco Mosaic Virus or TMV is the first plant virus ever identified. INTRODUCTION TMV (Tobacco mosaic virus) is the most serious pathogen causing mosaic on tobacco leaves . 2000. Cultivation, pinching, or picking of plant parts spreads virus-infested plant sap from infected to healthy plants. McKinney (3) pointed out that plants diseased with tobacco mosaic virus often have small, bright yellow spots on the leaves and that the virus in these spots differs from that of ordinary tobacco mosaic. TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS J. J. McRitchie Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is the most investigated plant virus. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus species in the genus Tobamovirus that infects a wide range of plants, especially tobacco and other members of the family Solanaceae.The infection causes characteristic patterns, such as "mosaic"-like mottling and discoloration on the leaves (hence the name). The RCSB PDB also provides a variety of tools and resources. Mosaic viruses are mostly spread by insects, especially aphids and leafhoppers. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) has enjoyed a storied history in its first century of research. Toggle navigation. Go! of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) by Wendell Stanley in 1935, for which he earned the 1946 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, eventually lead to visualization of the virus structure at atomic resolution by X-ray crystallography[3]. Both viruses are closely related tobamoviruses, plus stranded RNA viruses with a rod like particle structure. Jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) have both been implicated as important signal molecules mediating induced defenses of Nicotiana tabacum L. against herbivores and pathogens. These molecules are visualized, downloaded, and analyzed by users who range from students to specialized scientists. Tobamoviruses—tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMV)—are stable and highly infectious viruses that are very easily spread from plant to plant by contact. The infection causes characteristic patterns, such as "mosaic"-like mottling and discoloration on the leaves (hence the name). The Cucumber Mosaic Virus, named for the first plant it attacked, causes a lot of deaths among herbaceous and woody plant species. The rotatory dispersion of native TMV overthewavelengthrange230to 366mpis showninFig. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) cause a serious disease in tomato, with systemic mosaic symptoms and losses in fruit yield and quality. PDF (PC) 403 Abstract ... 【Conclusion】 Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) and Broad bean wilt virus 2 (BBWV2) are the dominant viruses currently in China due to their widely distribution and serious damage on vegetable crops nationwide. Thedataindicatethat the dispersion is anomalous (in that the rotation changes from positive to nega-tive). Tobacco mosaic virus is the oldest identi-fied plant virus. The Plant Health Instructor. PVYN. Abstract. The RCSB PDB also provides a variety of tools and resources. Documents about Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV000) EPPO Global Database. Ultraviolet Light Inactivation of the Virus.--Solutions of tobacco mosaic virus purified by differential centrifugation by the method of Stanley (8) were treated with ultra- violet radiation of wave length of 253.7 m#. Save For Later Print. Inside the host cell, the protein coat dissociates and viral nucleic acid becomes free in the cell cytoplasm. Abstract. However, prior or subsequent access to PVY° did not decrease transmission of either BMV or PVYN, and access to BMV did not decrease transmission of PVYN. Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) can cause yellowing and stunting of tomato plants resulting in loss of stand and reduced yield. Register TMV resistance cultivars with high disease resistance and good quality, Evaluation of flue-cured and air-cured tobacco, It must have seemed rather fantastic back in the fifties, when Russell Steere froze chunks of plant viruses (tobacco mosaic virus, tobacco nngspot virus, and squash mosaic virus) in drops of water, planed them freehand with a scalpel blade, made a replica of the surface, and examined the replica in a transmission electron microscope. Razas de TMV tambié… These viruses are common in home gardens, affecting a number of flowers, weeds, and vegetables such as tomato, pepper, and eggplant. All rights reserved. It is not proposed in this paper to discuss the movement of viruses other than that of tobacco mosaic and the closely related tobacco aucuba mosaic. Cucumber Mosaic Virus Tobacco Mosaic Virus is not the most common virus to infect houseplants. Join ResearchGate to find the people and research you need to help your work. 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Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), as we now know the agent that Beijerinck and others were studying, was the first virus to be identified. of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) by Wendell Stanley in 1935, for which he earned the 1946 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, eventually lead to visualization of the virus structure at atomic resolution by X-ray crystallography[3]. In: Kado CI, Agrawal HO, eds. Agricultural Research Council, South Africa. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is named for one of the first plants in which it was found in the 1800s. 1. The plant disease caused by tobacco mosaic virus is found worldwide. Stanley in the U.S.A. Tobacco mosaic virus: Mutants and strains. It can live in the soil but mainly travels from plant to plant by direct contact. Although it was known from the late 19th century that a non-bacterial infectious diseasewas damaging tobacco crops, it was not until 19… A con-trolled study showed that a razor blade used to make a single cut in a TMV-infect-ed petunia plant passed the virus … O vírus do mosaico do tabaco (TMV, sigla em inglês para tobacco mosaic virus) é um vírus RNA que infecta plantas, especialmente o tabaco e outros membros da família Solanaceae.A infecção causa padrões característicos nas folhas, como manchas e descolorição . Losses in crops of the Czechoslovak collection of bush tomato infected by tobacco mosaic virus under field conditions. As a member of the wwPDB, the RCSB PDB curates and annotates PDB data according to agreed upon standards. These viruses can survive for long periods in crop debris and on contaminated equipment. x�}V�`�[�EQT\e7��e;��v��{�i���ca�s��Wg��φ��?���i�v8�5�Zߞe_�|f��'�#�h�>��{>}��m��ɦ�k�$�+�^�4/0m����OS���W��x��qT{��P}��k�4�S[1"��F=��k����Q��m-�Ұ�J��.�В}Q������H�|�ΡLg� �H���)�?�%^,� ��}8fы#��;�{p�� �@����C�coC��=����.���
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Sugiyama, T., and Fraenkel-Conrat, H., 1963, The end-groups of tobacco mosaic virus RNA. The product of the tobacco mosaic virus resistance gene N: similarity to Toll and the interleukin-1 receptor. Several structures of the whole tobacco mosaic virus are available in the PDB, including the ground-breaking one solved by X-ray fiber diffraction (shown here from PDB entry 2tmv ), and a recent structure solved by analysis of many electron micrographs (PDB entry 2om3 ).The virus is composed of one strand of RNA (shown in red) wrapped inside a sheath of protein (shown in blue). The genomic structure of TMV and ToMV has been well characterized, as a positivesense single-stranded RNA … Perhaps because of this, research on TMV and other plant viruses has continued to be of profound significance in addressing fundamental questions about the nature of viruses in general. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is named for one of the first plants in which it was found in the 1800s. pm4-034-1-en.pdf; PP2/015(1) Tobacco: Download . Structure–function analysis of the tobacco mosaic virus resistance gene N S. P. Dinesh-Kumar*, Wai-HongTham†‡, and Barbara J. Baker†‡§ *Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, OML451, P.O. Sugiyama, T., and Fraenkel-Conrat, H., 1963, The end-groups of tobacco mosaic virus RNA. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), as we now know the agent that Beijerinck and others were studying, was the first virus to be identified. Its particles are rigid rods only 300 nanometres long and Tobacco Mosaic Virus and Pulmonary Diseases of Humans" Charles M. Carpenter M.D., and Ronald A. 2. Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. Penyakit Tobacco Mosaic Virus. advanced search... Login. The chemical composition of the virus, the 3. ETAPAS DO CICLO DE REPLICAÇÃO DO TMV 1. The virus samples, between 4 and 5 ml. As a member of the wwPDB, the RCSB PDB curates and annotates PDB data according to agreed upon standards. In fact, it has been more important for basic research than as a causal agent of disease (4). But that was the birth of freeze-fracture and freeze-etch, Single aphids (Myzus persicae) were allowed sequential access to two leaves which were either free from infection or infected with potato virus Y° (PVY°). The movement process involves interactions of [MP][3] with the [ER][1] and the cytoskeleton as well as its targeting to [PD][2]. The virus is known to infect more than 150 types of herbaceous, dicotyledonous plants including many vegetables, flowers, and weeds. Fig. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus species in the genus Tobamovirus that infects a wide range of plants, especially tobacco and other members of the family Solanaceae. TMV.pdf File Size0.2 MiB DateJuly 5, 2012 Downloads1922 LicenseCC Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike This crystalline protein was obtained from the globulin fraction of extracts of diseased Turkish tobacco plants, and was found to be over 100 times as active as the crude juice from the diseased plants used as starting material. TMV was the first virus to be discovered. These molecules are visualized, downloaded, and analyzed by users who range from students to specialized scientists. TMV is made up of a piece of nucleic acid (ribonucleic acid; RNA) and a surrounding protein coat. Tobacco Mosaic and Tomato Mosaic Viruses are closely related viruses causing similar symptoms and so will be covered together. Since the application of SA to a wound site can inhibit both Modelo: Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) Replicase Proteína de movimento Proteína capsidial 6.395 nt . Structure of Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV): TMV is a simple rod-shaped helical virus (Fig. It was the first to be purified (Stanley, 1935), and many fundamental concepts of virology were developed with it. methodology that yielded enormous amounts of information about the morphology of membranes. Journal of Phytopathology, 144:139-142. The genomic structure of TMV and ToMV has been well characterized, as a positivesense single-stranded RNA … It is infectious in dilutions upto 1: 1,000,000 and withstands heating upto 90°C for 10 minutes. against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and potato virus X. Experi-ments using Arabidopsis thaliana nonexpresser of PR genes 1 (npr1)/inducible immunity 1 (nim1) mutants also confirmed the existence of this branch point downstream of SA (Kachroo etal., 2000; Wong etal., 2002). Lund2 and H.S. The TMV remains active in extracted host plant juice upto 25 years. Hervert V; Hanusova M, 1986. PDF Tobacco mosaic virus Detected in Vegetatively Propagated Petunia Hybrids ``Surfinia`` Bong Nam Chung, Jeong Soo Kim, Jeom Deog Cho, Seung Ryong Cheong, Myeong Il Jeong Plant Pathol J. Fold all dashed lines away from you (i.e. Screening advanced breeding lines of flue-cured and air-cured tobacco for resistance to Phytophthora nicotianae var. tobacco mosaic virus causes a systemic infection in this plant (2). Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV; Tobamovirus, Virgaviridae) is a rodlike virus with a length of 300 nm and diameter of 18 nm. Los síntomas son muy dependientes de la edad de la planta infectada, las condiciones ambientales, la raza del virus, y el antecedente genético de la planta hospedera. Resistant varieties of tomatoes have yet to be developed for cucumber mosaic virus, but tomatoes that are resistant to tobacco mosaic virus may have some slight resistance to cucumber mosaic virus as well. Cape (Patensie). Characterization of Potato Virus Y strains infecting tobacco in SA. Tobacco Mosaic Virus: Pioneering Research for a Century Angela Creager Beijerinck's contribution followed A. Mayer's pathbreaking work on tobacco mosaic disease and D. Ivanowski's demonstration in 1892 that the agent of tobacco mosaic disease could pass through a filter capable of retaining bacteria (Mayer, 1886;Ivanowski, 1892;Zaitlin, 1998). These investigations have shown that the virus may survive in soils for periods of 1 year or more, but that it is subject to relatively rapid inactivation under certain natural conditions. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) Tobacco mosaic virus is the type member of the genus Tobamovirus, family Virgaviridae: consisting of rigid rods with single-stranded positive-sense RNA, and monomeric coat protein. Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) The virus, TMV, causes the disease Tobacco Mosaic which affects tobacco, tomato, other Solanaceous plants and upwards of 200 plant species Pathogen Description TMV is a viral plant pathogen and a member of a large group of viruses within the genus Tobamovirus. a bone tool or pen cap). Users can perform simple and advanced searches based on annotations relating to sequence, structure and function. TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS J. J. McRitchie Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is the most investigated plant virus. Spanish translation by A. Diaz-Lara, 2016. Plant virus-resistant varieties in your garden. Principles and Techniques in Plant Virology. Tobacco mosaic virus ON DISEASE DEVELOPMENT, PLANT GROWTH, AND VIRUS ACCUMULATION IN TOMATO OLUSEGUN S. BALOGUN, LEIXIN XU, TOHRU TERAOKA & DAIJIRO HOSOKAWA Laboratory of plant pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Princeton, New Jersey: Van Nostrand-Rheinhold, 546-594. Tomato-Tobacco Mosaic Virus Disease. 5. Le Clair, D.P.H. Like many other viruses, Tobacco mosaic virus replicates in association with the endoplasmic reticulum ([ER][1]) and exploits this membrane network for intercellular spread through plasmodesmata ([PD][2]), a process depending on virus-encoded movement protein ([MP][3]). Aphids given prior or subsequent access to PVYN-infected leaves transmitted PVY° and BMV less frequently than aphids given prior or subsequent access to virus-free leaves; those. This inactivation is %PDF-1.6
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Mosaic disease of chilli was first reported in Peninsular Malaysia by Burnett (1947) and later listed by Thompson and Johnston (1953). DOI: 10.1094/PHI-I-2000-1010-01Updated 2005. Introduction. Home ... pm4-028-1-fr.pdf; pm4-028-1-ru.pdf; PM4/034(1) Production of pathogen-tested herbaceous ornamentals: Download . ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication. As a member of the wwPDB, the RCSB PDB curates and annotates PDB data according to agreed upon standards. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) TMV fue el primer virus en ser descubierto hace ya más de un siglo y fue el primer virus alguna vez purificado....Scholthof, K-B.G. Figure 1: (A) An electron micrograph showing a long tubular Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) surrounded by Several structures of the whole tobacco mosaic virus are available in the PDB, including the ground-breaking one solved by X-ray fiber diffraction (shown here from PDB entry 2tmv ), and a recent structure solved by analysis of many electron micrographs (PDB entry 2om3 ).The virus is composed of one strand of RNA (shown in red) wrapped inside a sheath of protein (shown in blue). ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication. A general summary of much of the available information is contained in a survey by Crafts (1951). Thereason for this anomalous dispersion ofcourse lies in the asymmetryof the virus … The rod is considered to be 3,000 Å in length and about 180 Å in diameter. nicotianae, Evaluation of advanced tobacco breeding lines for resistance to Tobacco mosaic virus, Evaluation of advanced tobacco breeding lines for resistance to powdery mildew. 1.1). BMV was least mobile and PVY° was intermediate, so ability to decrease transmission was not directly related to the total anionic charge on the virus particles. It is not as common in Mississippi as other plant viruses, such as tomato spotted wilt virus that causes blackening and ring spots on many plants, or the mosaic viruses that Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) cause a serious disease in tomato, with systemic mosaic symptoms and losses in fruit yield and quality. 2. Whitham S, Dinesh-Kumar SP, Choi D, Hehl R, Corr C, Baker B, 1994. TMV was the first virus to be discovered. During this period, TMV made the progression from a mysterious agent-of-disease to a reagent that is used to dissect the molecular mysteries of plant-pathogen interactions. -Evaluate the interaction of different strains of PVY / mixed strains on tobacco. The N gene is the most effective means of controlling TMV; however, this gene is associated wit h reduced yield and quality in flue -cured tobacco. of tobacco mosaic virus has been described (1, 2). However, it can infect well over 350 different species of plants. 2 months after inoculation with the ordinary strain of tobacco mosaic virus (Johnson’s tobacco Virus l), the plants were harvested. -Determine the distribution of PVY strains in selected tobacco producing areas in South Africa: Limpopo province (Vaalwater, Groblesdal and Speculatie), Mpumalanga province (Nelspruit) and Eastern. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) Tobacco mosaic virus is the type member of the genus Tobamovirus, family Virgaviridae: consisting of rigid rods with single-stranded positive-sense RNA, and monomeric coat protein. F. L. Pfleger and R. J. ZeyenPlant Pathology. International Committee on Virus Taxonomy-o nome do vírus é dado em função do hospedeiro e de um sintoma importante provocado;-o nome é escrito em inglês e em itálico (portanto, não segue a nomenclatura dos demais seres vivos); Exemplos:-Tobacco mosaic virus – TMV-Tomato spotted wilt virus – TSWV-Citrus tristeza virus – CTV 2007;23(1):34-36. II. 13.20) consisting of centrally located single- stranded RNA (5.6%) enveloped by a protein coat (94.4%). Both viruses are closely related tobamoviruses, plus stranded RNA viruses with a rod like particle structure. Transmission of tobacco mosaic virus by a miridae, Interference between potyviruses during aphid transmission, Reappraisal of transmission of tobacco mosaic virus by insects. TMV capsids are composed of 2130 identical protein subunits, which assemble around the viral ssRNA to form a helical structure, with a hollow central cavity of 4 nm diameter. Bonny Best, which had been grown in the field. The virus samples, between 4 and 5 ml. Tobacco mosaic virus has been very important in the history of virology for many reasons beyond the discovery of the viral concept. Place tab under corresponding side and press together These molecules are visualized, downloaded, and analyzed by users who range from students to specialized scientists. range of hosts, and losses of up to 20% ha, the Agricultural Research Council’s (ARC) Industrial. against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and potato virus X. Experi-ments using Arabidopsis thaliana nonexpresser of PR genes 1 (npr1)/inducible immunity 1 (nim1) mutants also confirmed the existence of this branch point downstream of SA (Kachroo etal., 2000; Wong etal., 2002). This is the first virus that was crystallized in 1935 by W.M. In … beet mosaic virus (BMV), or tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). -Characterise different strains of PVY using molecular techniques It was first recognized because of how easily it infects plants, its noticeable symptoms, and its persistence. Síntomas inducidos por Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) son algo dependientes de la planta hospedera y pueden incluir mosaico, moteado (Figuras 1 y 2), necrosis (Figuras 3 y 4), achaparramiento, enrollado de hoja y amarillamiento de tejidos de la planta. Articles. Register. By employing a plant infectivity technique, viable tobacco mosaic virus could not be recovered from specimens of squamous cell carcinoma, emphysema, and normal human lung tissue. The crystalline inclusion body of tobacco mosaic is known to contain true virus particles, (see fig. … mountain fold). It is transmitted by artificial inoculation but not by insect vectors. | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate given prior or subsequent access to BMV also transmitted PVY° less frequently. Tobamoviruses—tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMV)—are stable and highly infectious viruses that are very easily spread from plant to plant by contact. The mode of inheritance of TMV resistance was determined in two tobacco 2. The STMV genome consists of one single-stranded positive-sense RNA of 1059 nt. 1. PDF | On Feb 1, 1968, M A Mayo and others published Labelling of Tobacco Mosaic Virus With 125I | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate To evaluate tobacco breeding lines for resistance ti black shank disease. RNAfs(+) Tobacco mosaic virus - TMV RP = replicase CP = capa protéica MP = Proteína de movimento . Users can perform simple and advanced searches based on annotations relating to sequence, structure and function. Ultraviolet Light Inactivation of the Virus.--Solutions of tobacco mosaic virus purified by differential centrifugation by the method of Stanley (8) were treated with ultra- violet radiation of wave length of 253.7 m#. Life-Cycle (Replication) of Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV): Plant viruses like TMV penetrate and enter the host cells in toto and their replication completes within such infected host cells (Fig. x�� \SW���}�%�,���%$�ADE�n�h����ԥu��RZ��w�{g�5ĥXmk[�Mk�im�{�2ӕ�]g����}�v��~����%�}�=������}b �x�����rL��U���|�������~����,+7�Ş����(�SZV�ɓ��l� �c&N���. Yet Tobacco mosaic virus has been an extraordinary tool in the past century, for research ranging from structural biology to host-plant resistance. Hennig B; Wittmann HG, 1972. Satellite Tobacco Mosaic Virus. However, it can infect well over 350 different species of plants. Although it wasn’t labeled as a virus until 1930, it has plagued tobacco farmers since the late 1800s to present. 13.21). Cut out both shapes along outside edge. Tobacco Mosaic Virus was the first virus ever to be discovered. Register cultivars with disease resistance and good quality. ToMV may cause uneven ripening of fruit, further reducing yield. 5.3 PCR products of Tobacco etch virus (TEV), Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) and Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) transcribed from cDNA, and viewed on an ethidium A direct immunofluorescence procedure WIll These viruses can survive for long periods in crop debris and on contaminated equipment. O TMV foi o primeiro vírus a ser descoberto. Updated: July 2, 2015. tobacco mosaic virus in the soil under various conditions. 4. Figure 1: (A) An electron micrograph showing a long tubular Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) surrounded by Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was once thought to be more common on tomato. Nature of the 3’-linked chain end in TMV and of both ends in four strains, Biochemistry 2: … pp2-015-1-en.pdf; The mosaic virus was first identified in tobacco plants in 1892 but is now known to infect at least 125 species of plants, including tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers, and many types of flowers. Tobacco mosaic virus. from tobacco plants (4) was applied to diseased tomato plants, Lycopersicon esculentum, Miller, var. Pre-crease all dashed lines with a ruler and a blunt-edged tool (i.e. Besides its prominent role in the birth of virology, TMV has been at the centre of many firsts. Users can perform simple and advanced searches based on annotations relating to sequence, structure and function. Evaluate tobacco breeding lines for resistance to TMV PDF | On Apr 21, 2017, Phillip Mphuthi published Tobacco Mosaic Virus: Symptoms, transmission and management. Satellite tobacco mosaic virus (STMV), a tobamovirus-dependent satellite virus, was isolated from Nicotiana glauca plants infected with Tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV). Down the Resolution Road: Freeze-Fracture Revisited? Prakash1 1 Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, 570006 Karnataka, India II. Spread a thin layer of glue on a folded tab. ORIGINAL ARTICLE Detection of Tobacco mosaic virus and Tomato mosaic virus in pepper and tomato by multiplex RT–PCR S. Kumar1, A.C. Udaya Shankar1, S.C. Nayaka1, O.S.