Get fitted each time you buy a new pair of shoes. Plantar flexion seems like a simple act, but it requires an entire group of muscles and tendons in the leg and foot. Abductor Hallucis 2. You need this muscle to push your foot away from the ground. Flexor hallucis longus: This muscle lies deep inside your leg. It works with the tibialis posterior muscle to keep your ankle stable while you stand on tiptoe. The tricky part is knowing which…. We used experimental data and computational modelling to quantify muscle fascicle work and tendon elastic strain energy for the human ankle plantar flexors (specifically soleus and medial gastrocnemius) for multiple foot contacts of a maximal sprint as well as for running at a steady-state speed. Keeping your feet strong and flexible can help reduce pain and muscle soreness, improve your overall foot health, and more. All the foot muscles are nerve supplied either by the lateral plantar nerve or medial plantar nerve, both are branches of the tibial nerve. An injury to any of the muscles that support plantar flexion can limit your ability to flex your foot or stand on tiptoe. Most muscles are centered on the tibia (shin bone) and the fibula, which is … During a joint perturbation, reflexive muscle activity occurs in response to stimulation of mechanoreceptors within ligaments and muscles,1–3 presumably to reduce the magnitude of joint movement.4 During an ankle plantar-flexion and inversion perturbation, for instance, the ankle dorsiflexor and evertor muscles may be reflexively activated to decelerate the plantar-flexion and … It seems a given that plantarflexion, being a flex action, would have flexor muscles acting in it. It is the opposite of dorsiflexion, which is pointing the foot upwards. Plantar Flexion Injuries. Here I have explained some of the types as well as some of the features of Plantar Flexion which might be beneficial for you and led a good idea about it. Several muscles control plantar flexion. It runs down the back of your lower leg, from behind your knee to the Achilles tendon in your heel. Ankle dorsiflexion limited by tight calf muscles: Gastrocnemius, Soleus, and the Achilles tendon. Required fields are marked *. Foot drop or inability to dorsiflexion of the foot characterized by the inability or impaired ability to lift the toes or raise the foot from the ankle. These muscle imbalances in the foot lead to contractures (e.g., ankle plantar flexion) and/or additional foot deformities (forefoot and hindfoot varus or valgus, forefoot supination or pronation). Grades 0-2 - Test in side-lying position, knee extended and ankle off plinth. The swelling limits movement. At the bottom of the calf, it connects directly with the heel bone. Our range of motion and strength play a large role in how we perform these movements efficiently and effectively. When you perform the exercises that target your gastrocnemius, if you turn your toes outward, you will emphasize your medial head, whereas if you keep your toes pointing forward or turn them inward, you will activate both heads approximately equally. “With regard to timing of plantar flexion, the plantar flexors play a role during early/mid-stance to control forward progression of the tibia, or eccentric contraction. Avoid high heels — especially tall, narrow heels that don’t properly support your ankle. In the foot, there are three cuneiform bones. Every person’s natural range of movement in this position is different. Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion refer to extension or flexion of the foot at the ankle. However, since neither proprioceptive or flexor functions are affected when removed or absent, some studies argue that plantaris might be almost vestigial in humans. It’s one of the main muscles involved in plantar flexion. Plantar flexion is the movement that occurs at the ankle where the foot pointed downwards. Without it, we won't be able to perform simple tasks like walking, running, or jumping. All the muscles are innervated either by the medial plantar nerve or the lateral plantar nerve, which are both branches of the tibial nerve.. Three phalangeal bones make up each digit, articulating with each other at bending…. Peroneus brevis: The peroneus brevis, also called the fibularis brevis muscle, is underneath the peroneus longus. However, it is important to note that the Achilles (calcaneal) tendon is of vital importance to plantar flexion. Treating Sprains and Strains: Are You Doing It Wrong? ('gravity minimal' position)For testing soleus only: 1. The iterative simulation studies proclaim that plantar flexor (PF) muscle weakness is one of the contributors of stiff knee gait (SKG), although, whether isolated PF weakness generates SKG has not been validated in able-bodied people or individuals with neuromuscular disorders. It connects to the Achilles tendon at the heel. The inability to dorsiflexion of the foot or foot drop could also be temporary or permanent, depending on the extent of muscle weakness or … Your email address will not be published. A 2D kinematic analysis determined the magnitude of midfoot flexion and ankle plantarflexion. They are all located in the lower leg. You use this muscle every time you stand on your tiptoes. The flexor digiti minimi brevis (foot) is a muscle that is located on the outer edge of the foot bones. Every person’s natural range of movement in this position is different. If the increase in this slope with knee extensor … Grades 3-5 - Test in standing on test leg, knee slightly FLEXED, patient can hold stable object such as a table or bench for balance 2. This muscle lies deep inside your leg. The plantaris muscle has a short belly and a long, thin tendon that extends behind the knee and into the calf. This is another one of the deep muscles in the lower leg. It should be noted that plantar flexion is opposed by the action of dorsiflexion. Someone standing on their tippy-toes is an example of plantar flexion. Plantar flexion is a movement in which the top of your foot points away from your leg. Plantar flexion is the movement of the Tibiotalar joint commonly known as the ankle, and is our ability to point the foot or push off and go. Identify the type of movement: Flexion of the foot at the ankle joint, thereby resulting in the elevation of the sole. RESULTS: The reliability of the shear elastic modulus measurements for … Plantaris: This long, thin muscle runs along the back of the leg, from the end of the thighbone down to the Achilles tendon. Plantar flexion is the movement that occurs at the ankle where the foot pointed downwards. 10 intrinsic muscles are found in the sole of the foot. For example when you go up onto your toes. It’s involved in both plantar flexion and eversion — when you turn the sole of the foot outward, away from the other foot. The synergist muscles assist the flexion. The ankle plantar flexors comprise short, highly pennated muscle fascicles connected to a long, elastic Achilles tendon, a configuration that allows tendon elasticity to significantly influence muscle fascicle behaviour (lengths and velocities) and energetics [ 4 – 6 ]. The peroneus longus, the gastrocnemius and the soleus muscles are involved in plantar flexion. The soleus plays a huge role in plantar flexion, especially when the knee is flexed. The plantaris muscle works in conjunction with the Achilles tendon to flex your ankle and knee. Flexor Muscles. Ankle Rehab As someone who has engaged in exercise and athletic activity for most of my life, I've put quite a few miles on my feet. It works with the tibialis posterior muscle to keep your ankle stable while you stand on tiptoe. The peroneus longus muscle is also referred to as the fibularis longus because it is the longest muscle attached to the fibula. Daniel Bubnis, M.S., NASM-CPT, NASE Level II-CSS. There are a lot of characteristics and features that you need to have to make your blog post appealing and. The flexibility of our ankles allows us to move freely and easily. See a podiatrist or orthopedic surgeon for advice on how to keep your feet and ankles healthy and prevent any plantar flexion problems before they can start. For example when you go up onto your toes. Anatomy of the Plantar Flexion Muscles Triceps Surae. You also need to keep the entire ankle joint healthy and moving smoothly to maintain healthy. Flexor digitorum longus: This is another one of the deep muscles in the lower leg. Plantaris Muscle. Every muscle in the Plantar Flexion … The muscles that are used in plantar flexion are innervated by the tibial nerve and often develop tightness in the presence of foot drop. You stand on your tiptoes, like when you’re trying to reach something on a high shelf. The system for grading the strength of standing plantar flexion relies on the range of motion and the number of quality repetitions that the patient is able to complete during testing. The peroneus brevis is shorter than the peroneus longus. It seems a given that plantarflexion, being a flex action, would have flexor muscles acting in it. The muscle belly is variable both in thickness and length. Treating pain with hot and cold can be extremely effective for a number of different conditions and injuries. Main muscles activated by plantar flexion exercises. Walking, running, jumping, reaching, pressing the gas pedal, pedaling a bicycle all require plantar flexion. It connects to the Achilles tendon at the heel. You use plantar flexion whenever you stand on the tip of your toes or point your toes. The muscles that keep the ankle from supination (as from an ankle sprain) are also innervated by the peroneal nerve, and it is not uncommon to find weakness in this area as well. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Plantar flexion refers to the movement of the foot when it is bent at the ankle away from the body, accomplished by flexing muscles in the calf, ankle, and foot. We used experimental data and computational modelling to quantify muscle fascicle work and tendon elastic strain energy for the human ankle plantar flexors (specifically soleus and medial gastrocnemius) for multiple foot contacts of a maximal sprint as well as for running at a steady-state speed. The soleus muscle is responsible for the action of pushing away from the ground, so is also crucial for plantar flexion. All rights reserved. There are 10 intrinsic muscles located in the sole of the foot. Mild ankle sprains are usually treated with the RICE method: Sprains usually heal within a few days or weeks. It begins at the fifth metatarsal (the bone…, The middle phalanges (foot) are some of the smaller long bones that form the toes of the feet. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of isolated PF muscle weakness on knee flexion velocity and … Many muscles assist with plantar flexion of the ankle, a movement akin to pointing the toes. Tibialis posterior: The tibialis posterior is a smaller muscle that lies deep in the lower leg. Watch later. Timing of the electrical stimulation, which is crucial to the effectiveness of FES, could have contributed to the surprising findings, according to Kesar et al. They also play a role during end-stance to generate the push-off force needed for propulsion. You press down on the gas pedal of your car. Soleus: The soleus muscle also plays a major role in plantar flexion. Muscles Involved in Plantar Flexion. Plantar flexion is the movement of the Tibiotalar joint commonly known as the ankle, and is our ability to point the foot or push off and go. Plantar flexion refers to the movement of the foot when it is bent at the ankle away from the body, accomplished by flexing muscles in the calf, ankle, and foot. The iterative simulation studies proclaim that plantar flexor (PF) muscle weakness is one of the contributors of stiff knee gait (SKG), although, whether isolated PF weakness generates SKG has not been validated in able-bodied people or individuals with neuromuscular disorders. Peroneus longus: Also called fibularis longus, this muscle runs along the side of the lower leg to the big toe. Plantar flexion is a movement in which the top of your foot points away from your leg. Although the sum of cubed normalized muscle forces may be minimized during plantar flexor contraction alone, changes in the relationship with simultaneous knee extensor contraction would result in an excessive value of this objective function for the same plantar flexion torque, because the unbalanced muscle forces tend to increase the sum of cubes. Plantar flexion is a movement in which the top of your foot points away from your leg. J Biomech. The major antagonist is the tibialis anterior, or the shin muscle. The muscles that are used in plantar flexion are innervated by the tibial nerve and often develop tightness in the presence of foot drop. Our range of motion and strength play a large role in how we perform these movements efficiently and effectively. What happens if these muscles are injured? It runs down the back of your lower leg, from behind your knee to the Achilles tendon in your heel. To a lesser degree, you also use plantar flexion while walking, running, swimming, dancing, and riding a bicycle. “Brevis” means “short” in Latin. It’s involved with both plantar flexion and inversion — when you turn the sole of the foot inward toward the other foot. Your email address will not be published. It helps you flex your big toe so that you can walk and hold yourself upright while on your tiptoes. peroneus longus muscle; plantar reflex; skew foot ; Thompson test; References in periodicals archive? Some Plantar Flexion Muscles include, Gastrocnemius. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. The decreased plantar flexion angles could lead to reduced push-off forces at the ankle during the transition from swing to stance, the authors suggested. If any of the muscles that help with plantar flexion are injured, it will be seriously hurt your ability to perform. Walking, running, jumping, reaching, pressing the gas pedal, pedaling a bicycle all require plantar flexion. The peroneus longus, the gastrocnemius and the soleus muscles are involved in plantar flexion. The shear elastic moduli of the ankle plantar flexion muscles including the lateral gastrocnemius, medial gastrocnemius, soleus, peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus and tibialis posterior were measured using ultrasonic shear wave elastography at 0, 10 and 20° dorsiflexion. will provide you with guides, tutorials, tips to create, market and make money online. The triceps surae are two muscles that form the major muscles of the calf. The foot muscles of the plantar aspect are in four layers(superficial to deep). It implies the flexion of the foot in the dorsal, or upward, direction. FHL and calf muscle activity were measured with surface EMG and plantar pressure was recorded with pressure insoles. It forms, together with gastrocnemius and soleus, the superficial group of the posterior compartment of the leg. FHL activity was compared to the activity of the calf muscles. Plantaris You use this muscle every time you stand on your tiptoes. A concurrent increase in walking speed and plantar flexor induced forward center of mass acceleration by the plantar flexors was seen post-intervention for seven of the eight subject simulations. Is it safe to use Apetamin syrup for weight gain? La plupart des muscles sont centrés sur le tibia (os de l'ourlet) et le péroné, qui est un os plus fin qui supporte le tibia. Plantaris – The muscle works with the Achilles tendon and the knee to allow for plantar flexion. It provides connections among the bones of the feet. It’s one of the main muscles involved in plantar flexion. Plantar flexion exercises Movement patterns and classification Plantar flexion exercises (for example, Figure 1) involve lifting a weight or your bodyweight by flexing your ankle, a movement pattern that’s often known as plantar flexion. The muscles act collectively to support the arches of the foot, and separately to control the movement of the digits. The metatarsals are the long bones of…, The distal phalanges (foot) are located at the end of each toe. A physical therapist can teach you how to do these exercises correctly. Also called fibularis longus, this muscle runs along the side of the lower leg to the big toe. Gastrocnemius Le gastrocnémium est un muscle qui forme la moitié de ce qu'on appelle communément le muscle du mollet. Plantar flexion involves a coordinated effort between several muscles in your ankle, foot, and leg. You press down on the gas pedal of your car. The peroneus longus muscle is also referred to as the fibularis longus because it is the longest muscle attached to the fibula. Your gastrocnemius has a medial (inner) head and a lateral (outer) head. Plantar Aspect. The flexor hallucis longus and flexor digitorum longus muscles, both part of the posterior compartment of the distal leg, work not only in plantarflexion but also to flex the phalanges of the foot. Surgeons sometimes use a plate or screws to hold the bone in place while it heals. Plantar Flexion of the Foot occurs in many movements. For testing gastrocnemius and soleus together: 1. Any injury to these muscles can limit your range of motion and affect your ability to do activities that require it. Many variables such as your shoes, calf strength and foot type influence the efficiency of your running mechanics including toe push-off. Plantar flexion seems like a simple act, but it requires an entire group of muscles and tendons in the leg and foot. Muscle Nerve. These can happen in sports where you have to change direction very quickly — such as basketball — or in activities that involve jumping. Flexor Muscles. Plantar flexion involves a coordinated effort between several muscles in your ankle, foot, and leg. Learn tips for choosing the right shoes, stretching, and home care. Computer simulations using musculoskeletal models have also been used to demonstrate that short plantar flexor moment arms may augment plantar flexor force during rapid plantar flexion by reducing plantar flexor shortening velocity (5, 16, 23), but these simulations did not model adaptations in muscle architecture that may accompany variation in moment arm . The plantaris muscle has a short belly and a long, thin tendon that extends behind the knee and into... Flexor Muscles. Manual Muscle Testing of the gastrocnemius and soleusUIC DPT Class of 2016 Several muscles control plantar flexion. Flexor Hallicus Longus – The muscle is one of the deep muscles of the lower leg, and it … Vous vous tenez sur la pointe des pieds, comme lorsque vous essayez d’atteindre quelque chose sur une étagère. Movements such as swimming, biking and jumping also require Plantar Flexion. You need this muscle to push your foot away from the ground. This muscle group represents an ideal model for examining the influence of tendon elasticity on muscle fascicle mechanics and energetics, because the ankle plantar flexors possess short, pennated muscle fascicles connected to a long, elastic Achilles tendon . It helps to flex all the toes except for the big toe. More serious fractures could require surgery to reposition the broken bone. Abstracts from the Current Literature. Which muscles are used in Plantar Flexion? Here's how. You use plantar flexion whenever you stand on the tip of your toes or point your toes. The peroneus brevis is shorter than the peroneus longus. Wearing proper footwear can also help you avoid injuries. During each plantar flexor contraction, the knee extensor muscles were isometrically contracted at 0%, 50%, or 100% of maximum effort. As only a single joint is utilized, … Plantaris muscle (musculus plantaris) Plantaris is long, thin muscle extending behind the knee and into the sural region (calf) of the posterior leg. The plantaris muscle contains a large number of muscle spindles (proprioceptive receptors), so it has been theorised that it acts as a proprioceptive organ for the larger flexors of the ankle joint. Anytime you are standing on your toes, you are Plantar Flexing. Working on your feet all day can do a number on your feet, legs, and back. Strengthening the muscles in your ankle, leg, and foot that support plantar flexion will keep your foot flexible, protect your ankle, and prevent future injuries. BloggingForMe is dedicated and committed to providing its users with information about branding, marketing, business, blogging, etc. You’re stretching and you point your foot away from you. You use plantar flexion whenever you stand on the tip of your toes or point your toes. These muscle imbalances in the foot lead to contractures (e.g., ankle plantar flexion) and/or additional foot deformities (forefoot and hindfoot varus or valgus, forefoot supination or pronation). Grades 3-5 - Test in standing on test leg, knee extended, patient can hold stable object such as a table or bench for balance 2. Contributions of muscle forces and toe-off kinematics to peak knee flexion during the swing phase of normal gait: an induced position analysis. The plantaris is considered an unimportant muscle and mainly acts with the gastrocnemius. If the ankle is fractured, you may need to wear a cast. The plantaris muscle has a short belly and a long, thin tendon that extends behind the knee and into the calf. Grade 5 - Full ROM, … The peroneus brevis, also called the fibularis brevis muscle, is underneath the peroneus longus. The shear elastic moduli of the ankle plantar flexion muscles including the lateral gastrocnemius, medial gastrocnemius, soleus, peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus and tibialis posterior were measured using ultrasonic shear wave elastography at 0, 10 and 20° dorsiflexion. Additionally, post-training, the plantar flexors had an simulated increase in contribution to knee flexion acceleration during double support. Crossref Medline Google Scholar; 13 Binder-Macleod S, Kesar T. Catchlike property of skeletal muscle: recent findings and clinical implications. Plantar flexion refers to the flexion or extension of the foot at the ankle. Vous utilisez la flexion plantaire le plus lorsque: Vous étirer et vous diriger votre pied loin de vous. Antagonist muscles lengthen as the prime movers shorten during flexion. It starts out thin, but gradually widens as it moves down the leg. Il commence à l'arrière du genou et s'attache au tendon d'… Les muscles attachent également à la cheville et à divers os dans le pied. Vous appuyez sur la pédale de gaz de votre voiture. Are the plantar muscles located in the foot, hip, leg, or thigh muscle group? First Layer of the Plantar Aspect of the Foot 1. There are many muscles involved in Plantar Flexion of the foot. Last medically reviewed on September 27, 2017. Several muscles control plantar flexion. According to specialists, athletes should train to have at least 15 degrees of dorsiflexion to be within normal limits. What activities involve this Plantar Flexion? The muscles work together to allow a body to stand up on its toes. It is composed of a thin muscle belly and a long thin tendon.While not as thick as the achilles tendon, the plantaris tendon (which tends to be between 30–45 centimetres (12–18 in) in length) is the longest tendon in the human body. Gastrocnemius. Image captured from Muscle Premium. As a result, it is important to keep the muscles involved in Plantar Flexion strong and healthy as they are needed for so many of our everyday movements. The simulations showed a new pattern of simulated activation for the plantar flexor muscles after training, suggesting that the subjects activated these muscles with more appropriate timing following the intervention. Like the gastrocnemius, it’s one of the calf muscles in the back of the leg. Plantar flexion involves a coordinated effort between several muscles in your ankle, foot, and leg. “Brevis” means “short” in Latin. When you injure the muscles or bones of your ankles, the area swells up and becomes inflamed. Secondly, which muscles are involved in plantar flexion? Not including the tendon, the plantaris muscle is approximately 5–10 centimetres (2.0–3.9 in) long and is absent in 8-12% of the population. and elevation—needs updating, some researchers say. Soleus. To a lesser degree, you also use It while walking, running, swimming, dancing, and riding a bicycle. The flexor hallucis longus and flexor digitorum longus muscles, both part of the posterior compartment of the distal leg, work not only in plantarflexion but also to flex the phalanges of the foot. The extrinsic muscles are largely responsible for eversion, inversion, dorsiflexion, and plantarflexion of the foot.The intrinsic muscles of the foot are placed within the foot and are liable for the fine motor actions of the foot, for instance, movement of individual digits. The plantaris muscle works in conjunction with the Achilles tendon to flex your ankle and knee. These include: This muscle makes up half of your calf muscle. It’s involved in both plantar flexion and eversion — when you turn the sole of the foot outward, away from the other foot. They are the intermediate, lateral, and mediate cuneiforms. You ballet dance on the tips of your toes (on pointe). Plantaris Muscle. Refer back to the heading ‘Plantar Flexion Muscles’ to read the list of muscles involved in Plantar Flexion. It is one of the plantar flexors in the posterior compartment of the leg, along with the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. The dorsal tarsometatarsal ligament is located in the foot. Secondly, which muscles are involved in plantar flexion? You stand on your tiptoes, like when you’re trying to reach something on a high shelf. Abductor Digiti Minimi Abductor Hallucis:Th… Plantar flexion refers to the movement in which the ankle and foot bends forward or downward. Plantar Flexion Muscles. Positive work done by the soleus and medial gastrocnemius muscle fascicles decreased incrementally throughout the maximal sprint and both muscles … Any injury to these muscles can limit your range of motion and affect your ability to do activities that require plantar flexion. It starts out thin, but gradually widens as it moves down the leg. The plantaris is one of the superficial muscles of the superficial posterior compartment of the leg, one of the fascial compartments of the leg.. These terms refer to flexion in direction of the "back" of the foot, which is the upper surface of the foot when standing, and flexion in direction of the sole of the foot. With proper training and exercises, you can achieve optimal running mechanics and avoid injury. Ankle injuries, including sprains and fractures, are one of the most common causes of plantar flexion problems. It is the opposite of dorsiflexion, which is pointing the foot upwards. © 2005-2021 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. You’re stretching and you point your foot away from you. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. The muscles that keep the ankle from supination (as from an ankle sprain) are also innervated by the peroneal nerve, and it is not uncommon to find weakness in this area as well. Lesson on Inversion vs. Eversion of the Foot and Plantarflexion vs. Dorsiflexion of the Foot and easy ways to remember each.Hey guys! They act collectively to stabilise the arches of the foot, and individually to control movement of the digits. You ballet dance on the tips of your toes (on pointe). It’s involved with both plantarflexion and inversion — when you turn the sole of the foot inward toward the other foot. Electromyographic activity was recorded from the vastus lateralis, medial gastrocnemius (MG), lateral gastrocnemius (LG), and soleus muscles and quantified using the average rectified value (ARV). Plantar Flexion is a vital component in the flexibility of our body. Image captured from Muscle Premium. The worn pointe shoe caused significantly greater mid-foot flexion (p < 0.01) and ankle plantarflexion (p < 0.01) en pointe compared to the new pointe shoe. As stated above the key to healthy plantar flexion lies in keeping the group of lower leg muscles healthy. The traditional prescription for sprains and strains, known as RICE—rest, ice, compression. Depending on how severe the injury is, you might not be able to point your toe or stand on your tiptoes until it heals. The soleus muscle also plays a major role in plantar flexion. It helps you flex your big toe so that you can walk and hold yourself upright while on your tiptoes. These muscles are the... Plantaris Muscle. Gastrocnemius. RESULTS: The reliability of the shear elastic modulus measurements for … At the bottom of the calf, it connects directly with the heel bone. 2004; 37: 731–737. This long, thin muscle runs along the back of the leg, from the end of the thighbone down to the Achilles tendon. Are the plantar muscles located in the foot, hip, leg, or thigh muscle group? It helps to flex all the toes except for the big toe. Identify the type of movement: Flexion of the foot at the ankle joint, thereby resulting in the elevation of the sole. Due to the recent studies by Bowden et al Computer simulations using musculoskeletal models have also been used to demonstrate that short plantar flexor moment arms may augment plantar flexor force during rapid plantar flexion by reducing plantar flexor shortening velocity (5, 16, 23), but these simulations did not model adaptations in muscle architecture that may accompany variation in moment arm . Flexor Digitorum Brevis 3. La flexion plantaire semble être un acte simple, mais elle nécessite tout un groupe de muscles et de tendons dans les jambes et les pieds. It helps keep your foot stable while in plantar flexion. The muscles work together to allow a body to stand up on its toes. The main muscle contributors to plantar flexion are the gastrocnemius, plantaris, soleus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, fibularis longus and the fibularis brevis (Visible Body 2019).