Italian, literally ‘cool, fresh’. Within that short span, such large paintings were painted with natural organic pigments. In a wall-sized fresco, there may be ten to twenty or even more giornate, or separate areas of plaster. Fresco by Dionisius representing Saint Nicholas in a Ferapontov Monastery, Dante in Domenico di Michelino's Divine Comedy in Duomo of Florence, Frescoes from the Byzantine and two distinct Bulgarian Periods under the Dome of the Church of St. George, Sofia, Interior and frescoes of Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia, Mural painting upon freshly laid lime plaster, Anca Vasiliu, "Monastères de Moldavie (XIVème-XVIème siècles)", Paris Mediterranée, 1998. José Clemente Orozco, Fernando Leal, David Siqueiros and Diego Rivera the famous Mexican artists, renewed the art of fresco painting in the 20th century. Ciacci, Leonardo., ed, La Fenice Reconstructed 1996–2003: a building site in the city, Search through the entire ancient history timeline. Fresco comes from the Italian fresco, meaning "cool" or "fresh," which describes … Many artists sketched their compositions on this underlayer, which would never be seen, in a red pigment called sinopia, a name also used to refer to these under-paintings. Created around 1400 BC for a wall in the Palace of Knossos in Crete, the Bull-Leaping Fresco is one of the most famous works of Minoan art.The ancient mural is celebrated for its vivid colors and subject matter, which shows stylized figures taking part in a bull-leaping ritual: a unique ceremony in which individuals would perform acrobatic tricks over the backs of cows and bulls. An old fresco from Mesopotamia is the Investiture of Zimri-Lim (modern Syria), dating from the early 18th century BC. Additionally, the border between giornate was often covered by an a secco painting, which has since fallen off. It shows the scene of a "Master of animals", a man fighting against two lions, individual fighting scenes, and Egyptian and foreign boats. Buon frescoes are difficult to create because of the deadline associated with the drying plaster. A fresco is a picture that is painted on a plastered wall when the plaster is still wet. (a picture made by) painting on wet plaster on a wall or ceiling: 2. Fresco comes from the Italian fresco, meaning "cool" or "fresh," which describes exactly the fast, unlabored technique required of fresco painting. A true fresco is painted onto plaster that is fresh. After five centuries, the giornate, which were originally nearly invisible, have sometimes become visible, and in many large-scale frescoes, these divisions may be seen from the ground. fresco definition: 1. Perhaps, restoration has at times been over-imaginative but nevertheless, the overwhelming impression given by this art form is the Minoan’s sheer joy in fluid, naturalistic and graceful forms represented in an impressionistic manner. A fresco is a type of mural painted direct onto wet plaster so that the paint becomes an integral part of the surface finish. Once a giornata is dried, no more buon fresco can be done, and the unpainted intonaco must be removed with a tool before starting again the next day. In painting buon fresco, a rough underlayer called the arriccio is added to the whole area to be painted and allowed to dry for some days. Michelangelo used this technique as part of his trademark 'outlining' of his central figures within his frescoes. The fresco technique has been employed since antiquity and is closely associated with Italian Renaissance painting. Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino ( Italian: [raffaˈɛllo ˈsantsjo da urˈbiːno]; March 28 or April 6, 1483 – April 6, 1520), known as Raphael, was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. Water is used as the vehicle for the dry-powder pigment to merge with the plaster, and with the setting of the plaster, the painting becomes an integral part of the wall. (countable) A cool, refreshing state of the air; coolness, duskiness, shade.quotations ▼ 1.1. a. The chemical processes are as follows:[3]. These frescoes depict scenes of the life and society of ancient Greece, and constitute valuable historical testimonials. The late Medieval period and the Renaissance saw the most prominent use of fresco, particularly in Italy, where most churches and many government buildings still feature fresco decoration. Etruscan frescoes, dating from the 4th century BCE, have been found in the Tomb of Orcus near Veii, Italy. 4. Fresco is coded at an individual level, as individuals within households often run their finances in significantly different ways and choose different channels for different products. These are then directly applied to the surface. It varies slightly from the pure fresco technique in that it also contains a mild binding agent or glue. Early frescoes were also painted in Morocco and Egypt, with Egyptian artists preferring the secco method for … This gives the painting added durability, as clearly demonstrated by the fact that they have survived, exposed to the elements, for over 1,500 years.[13]. In the beginning of the XVIIIth century, at Mount Athos, the monk Denys of Fourna wrote a very complete treatise which describes the traditional oldest techniques. Frescoes were also painted in ancient Greece, but few of these works have survived. The tradition of painted churches continued into the 19th century in other parts of Romania, although never to the same extent.[17]. A smooth batter of limestone mixture was applied over the stones, which took two to three days to set. These sections are strengthened and reattached then cleansed with base exchange resin compresses and the wall and pictorial layer were strengthened with barium hydrate. Andrea Palladio, the famous Italian architect of the 16th century, built many mansions with plain exteriors and stunning interiors filled with frescoes. The word fresco (Italian: affresco) is derived from the Italian adjective fresco meaning "fresh", and may thus be contrasted with fresco-secco or secco mural painting techniques, which are applied to dried plaster, to supplement painting in fresco. Fresco (plural frescos or frescoes) is a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid ("wet") lime plaster. [28], The climate and environment of Venice has proved to be a problem for frescoes and other works of art in the city for centuries. Later,[when? The richly decorated Thracian frescoes of the Tomb of Kazanlak are dating back to 4th century BC, making it a UNESCO protected World Heritage Site. The plaster has been laid on the wall that day and is still damp. No binding agents are used and the colours are mixed with water. Buon’, or “true,” fresco is the most-durable method of painting murals, since the pigments are completely fused with a damp plaster ground to become an integral part of the wall surface. There are also many surviving frescofragments dating … If we don't currently have any definitions there is a link to check definitions on Google. Fresco is the Italian word for “fresh”, and that’s because painters do fresco painting on fresh, wet plaster walls. Frescoes have been made in several techniques, including tempera technique. All Free. The three key advantages of work done entirely a secco were that it was quicker, mistakes could be corrected, and the colours varied less from when applied to when fully dry—in wet fresco there was a considerable change. Whether you've studied art history or not, you're probably familiar with the world's most famous fresco: Michelangelo's paintings on the walls and ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome. In addition, in archaeological sites they are often found removed from their original settings, making them extremely difficult to date. The most famous of these, The Toreador, depicts a sacred ceremony in which individuals jump over the backs of large bulls. A secco or fresco-secco painting is done on dry plaster (secco meaning "dry" in Italian). The painter then proceeds much as he would on a canvas or wood panel. 2. fresco - a durable method of painting on a wall by using watercolors on wet plaster. This can be seen preserved at National Museum at New Delhi in a chamber called Chamba Rang Mahal. The word fresco comes from the Italian word affresco which derives from the Latin word for "fresh". Several of the themes and designs visible in the fresco are otherwise known from other Naqada II objects such as the Gebel el-Arak Knife. The later Chola paintings were discovered in 1931 within the circumambulatory passage of the Brihadisvara Temple in India and are the first Chola specimens discovered. Infoplease knows the value of having sources you can trust. The word ‘fresco’ is originally Italian and literally means ‘fresh’ and the art of fresco painting actually involves painting on walls which are fresh well plastered. Definiton Fresco- is any of several related mural painting types, done on plaster on walls or ceilings. Find 80 ways to say fresco, along with antonyms, related words, and example sentences at Thesaurus.com, the world's most trusted free thesaurus. On the day of painting, the intonaco, a thinner, smooth layer of fine plaster was added to the amount of wall that was expected to be completed that day, sometimes matching the contours of the figures or the landscape, but more often just starting from the top of the composition. Fresco was practised as early as 2000 BCE by the Minoans during the bronze age civilization of Crete. Fresco - Designing Buildings Wiki - Share your construction industry knowledge. The word was first recorded in English in the phrase in fresco, representing Italian affresco, al fresco ‘on the fresh (plaster)’. Updated. Thanks to large number of ancient rock-cut cave temples, valuable ancient and early medieval frescoes have been preserved in more than 20 locations of India. fresco - translate into English with the Italian-English Dictionary - Cambridge Dictionary [18] In 1954 he realized a fresco for the Cité Ouvrière du Laboratoire Débat, Garches. frescos translation in Spanish - English Reverso dictionary, see also 'huevo fresco',frescor',frescote',fresca', examples, definition, conjugation Water is used as the vehicle for the dry-powder pigment to merge with the plaster, and with the setting of the plaster, the painting becomes an integral part of the wall. The city is built on a lagoon in northern Italy. Though most commonly associated with art of the Italian Renaissance, the painting technique has been around for millennia, inspiring ancient and contemporary artists alike. The generally accepted view is that they are portrayals of women of the royal court of the king depicted as celestial nymphs showering flowers upon the humans below. [26] Development of his innovative buon fresco method has led to the installation of the largest contemporary abstract fresco in the UK (16 x 5m), at The Green Rooms in MediaCityUK[27] (2020). He directed the École de fresques at l'École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts, and decorated the Pavillon du Tourisme at the 1937 Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne (Paris), Pavillon de la Ville de Paris; now at Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris. Also a historical collection of Ancient Christian frescoes can be found in the Churches of Goreme Turkey. This change coincided with the reevaluation of murals in the liturgy. [1][2], Buon fresco pigment is mixed with room temperature water and is used on a thin layer of wet, fresh plaster, called the intonaco (after the Italian word for plaster). They are, however, far more enlivened and colorful and uniquely Sri Lankan in character. [15] In Denmark too, church wall paintings or kalkmalerier were widely used in the Middle Ages (first Romanesque, then Gothic) and can be seen in some 600 Danish churches as well as in churches in the south of Sweden, which was Danish at the time.[16]. In the Renaissance, pittura a fresco, meaning “painting freshly,” referred to paint applied while the plaster on the wall was still wet, as opposed to pittura a secco “painting dryly,” in which paint is applied when the plaster was dry. Learn more. ), Lorenzetti, Martini and others) in upper and lower, This page was last edited on 3 March 2021, at 11:21. Too slow and the plaster hardens, and then you've got a lot of chipping away to do. fresco - WordReference English dictionary, questions, discussion and forums. While some similar frescoes have been found in other locations around the Mediterranean basin, particularly in Egypt and Morocco, their origins are subject to speculation. A person who creates fresco is called a frescoist. Northern Romania (historical region of Moldavia) boasts about a dozen painted monasteries, completely covered with frescos inside and out, that date from the last quarter of the 15th century to the second quarter of the 16th century. To paint a fresco, you must apply paint to still wet plaster, and you better get it right the first time. Some art historians believe that fresco artists from Crete may have been sent to various locations as part of a trade exchange, a possibility which raises to the fore the importance of this art form within the society of the times. Infoplease is a reference and learning site, combining the contents of an encyclopedia, a dictionary, an atlas and several almanacs loaded with facts. The pigments thus require a binding medium, such as egg (tempera), glue or oil to attach the pigment to the wall. Fresco (plural frescos or frescoes) is a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid ("wet") lime plaster. The studio was assisted in the installation by a group of students from Manchester School of Art. The word ‘fresco’ is derived from the Italian ‘fresh’. The humidity and the rise of water over the centuries have created a phenomenon known as rising damp. ]new techniques for transferring paper drawings to the wall were developed. An indispensable component of this process is the carbonatation of the lime, which fixes the colour in the plaster ensuring durability of the fresco for future generations.[4]. A fresco is a kind of mural, a painting that is done on a wall. The most remarkable are the monastic foundations at Voroneţ (1487), Arbore (1503), Humor (1530), and Moldoviţa (1532). The frescoes on the ceilings and walls of the Ajanta Caves were painted between c. 200 BC and 600 and are the oldest known frescoes in India. Timeline Search. Suceviţa, dating from 1600, represents a late return to the style developed some 70 years earlier. The first known Egyptian fresco was found in Tomb 100 at Hierakonpolis, and dated to c.3500–3200 BC. Fresco and the Art World The Italian word fresco means “fresh” and comes from a Germanic word akin to the source of English fresh. humanism characteristics. mural, wall painting - a painting that is applied to a wall surface. The stone or brick wall is first prepared with a brown trullisatio scratch coat, or rough-cast plaster layer. Rang Mahal of Chamba (Himachal Pradesh) is another site of historic Dogri fresco with wall paintings depicting scenes of Draupti Cheer Haran, and Radha- Krishna Leela. It is the oldest known painting medium, surviving in the prehistoric cave mural decorations and perfected in 16th-century Italy in the buon fresco method.… American English : fresco / ˈfrɛskoʊ / Brazilian Portuguese : afresco Generally, a layer of plaster will require ten to twelve hours to dry; ideally, an artist would begin to paint after one hour and continue until two hours before the drying time—giving seven to nine hours' working time. The Chola frescos lying underneath have an ardent spirit of saivism expressed in them. In 1996, it was designated an historic monument by the French government. The frescoes in Dogra/ Pahari style paintings exist in their unique form at Sheesh Mahal of Ramnagar (105 km from Jammu and 35 km west of Udhampur). fresco - a mural done with watercolors on wet plaster. "Iconic Modern Fresco Installed at The Green Rooms", Adam Knight, "How Hereford's Best-Tasting Restaurant Became Its Best-Looking", Restoration of the Last Supper 1498 - Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519 - The Last Supper St. Apostle John Comparison, Museum of Ancient Inventions: Roman-Style Fresco, Italy, 50 AD, Sigiriya Frescoes, The Mary B. Wheeler Collection, University of Pennsylvania Library, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fresco&oldid=1010014237, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Italian-language text, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Vague or ambiguous time from December 2010, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Panels (including Giotto(? [22] In 2017, French designer Pierre Yovanovitch commissioned a multi-wall fresco by Claire Tabouret in his Provence chapel. Painted during the reign of King Kashyapa I (ruled 477 – 495 AD). Frescoes were often made during the Renaissance and other early time periods. A technique used in the popular frescoes of Michelangelo and Raphael was to scrape indentations into certain areas of the plaster while still wet to increase the illusion of depth and to accent certain areas over others. Famous Cretan buon fresco wall paintings include "The Toreador". Egyptian painting All our ancient Egypt articles Why paint on … The most common form of fresco was Egyptian wall paintings in tombs, usually using the a secco technique. It is important to distinguish between a secco work done on top of buon fresco, which according to most authorities was in fact standard from the Middle Ages onwards, and work done entirely a secco on a blank wall. Roman frescoes were done by the artist painting the artwork on the still damp plaster of the wall, so that the painting is part of the wall, actually colored plaster. Charles Snell, Contemporary Fresco Artist. Fresco Timeline. The eyes of the people of the School of Athens are sunken-in using this technique which causes the eyes to seem deeper and more pensive. It has also become increasingly clear, thanks to modern analytical techniques, that even in the early Italian Renaissance painters quite frequently employed a secco techniques so as to allow the use of a broader range of pigments. The word fresco (Italian: affresco) is derived from the Italian adjective fresco meaning "fresh", and may thus be contrasted with fresco-secco or seccomural painting techniques, which are applied to dried plaster, to supplement painting in fresco. Together with works by Orozco, Siqueiros, and others, Fernando Leal and Rivera's large wall works in fresco established the art movement known as Mexican Muralism. Orozco, Siqueiros, Rivera and his wife Frida Kahlo contributed more to the history of Mexican fine arts and to the reputation of Mexican art in general than anybody else. The main lines of a drawing made on paper were pricked over with a point, the paper held against the wall, and a bag of soot (spolvero) banged on them to produce black dots along the lines. This area is called the giornata ("day's work"), and the different day stages can usually be seen in a large fresco, by a faint seam that separates one from the next. Generally, buon fresco works are more durable than any a secco work added on top of them, because a secco work lasts better with a roughened plaster surface, whilst true fresco should have a smooth one. Fresco is a way of painting pictures. [30][31], The following is the process that was used when rescuing frescoes in La Fenice, a Venetian opera house, but the same process can be used for similarly damaged frescoes. ‘Thus, the art of fresco is necessarily piecemeal.’ ‘The Adams Davidson Galleries in Washington, D. C., is compiling a checklist of Cox's works in oils, tempera, fresco, and drawings for mosaics and stained-glass windows.’ ‘‘Life has its own rhythm, and so does fresco,’ he says.’ One of the rare examples of Islamic fresco painting can be seen in Qasr Amra, the desert palace of the Umayyads in the 8th century Magotez. The fresco is celebrated as one of the most significant mural-making techniques in the history of art. This technique had, in reduced form, the advantages of a secco work. ... and more), which will be free to download for teachers all over the world. To paint a fresco, you must apply paint to still wet plaster, and you better get it right the first time. The Sigiriya Frescoes are found in Sigiriya in Sri Lanka. In addition to this, Charles Snell has created notable fresco murals and panels (polyptych and individual) in private residences and commercial spaces, including two striking murals in restaurants for A Rule of Tum group. As the lagoon water rises and seeps into the foundation of a building, the water is absorbed and rises up through the walls often causing damage to frescoes. [32], Chola Fresco of Dancing girls. Inherent problems with frescoes are their fragility, incompleteness and artistic anonymity. What is plaster? The oldest frescoes done in the Buon Fresco method date from the first half of the second millennium BCE during the Bronze Age and are to be found among Aegean civilizations, more precisely the Minoan civilization from the island of Crete and other islands of the Aegean Sea. [12] The plaster has been laid on the wall that day and is still damp. Because of the chemical makeup of the plaster, a binder is not required, as the pigment mixed solely with the water will sink into the intonaco, which itself becomes the medium holding the pigment. Fresco (Italian: “fresh”) is the traditional medium for painting directly onto a wall or ceiling. Start studying AP World History Key Terms. [citation needed], The painting technique used on the Sigiriya paintings is "fresco lustro". (Venezia: Marsilio, 2003),118. Fundraiser: Mesopotamia Teaching Materials. The oldest surviving Minoan frescoes are found on the island of Santorini (classically known as Thera), dated to the Neo-Palatial period (c. 1640–1600 BC). They bear some resemblance to the Gupta style of painting found in the Ajanta Caves in India. From time immemorial, Byzantine world valued the fresco technique. If the painting was to be done over an existing fresco, the surface would be roughened to provide better adhesion. 1722, Matthew Prior, “Hans Carvel”, in The Poetical Works of Matthew Prior:[…], in Two Volumes, volume I, London: Printed for W[illiam] Strahan,[…]… [14] Romanesque churches in Catalonia were richly painted in 12th and 13th century, with both decorative and educational—for the illiterate faithfuls—roles, as can be seen in the MNAC in Barcelona, where is kept a large collection of Catalan romanesque art. His work is admired for its clarity of form, ease of composition, and visual achievement of the Neoplatonic ideal of human grandeur. The Ancient History Encyclopedia logo is a registered EU trademark. The cracks and detachments are stopped with lime putty and injected with an epoxy resin loaded with micronized silica. In most early examples this work has now entirely vanished, but a whole painting done a secco on a surface roughened to give a key for the paint may survive very well, although damp is more threatening to it than to buon fresco. Researchers have discovered the technique used in these frescos. First, a protection and support bandage of cotton gauze and polyvinyl alcohol is applied. Scenes from epics of Mahabharat and Ramayan along with portraits of local lords form the subject matter of these wall paintings. A fresco is a kind of mural, a painting that is done on a wall.A wall painting is sometimes called a fresco by mistake. They depict the Jataka tales that are stories of the Buddha's life in former existences as Bodhisattva. intellectual rebirth of beggining to think more of the here/now rather then the eternal afterlife and focusing on individual. Located in a small sheltered depression a hundred meters above ground only 19 survive today. Other locations with valuable preserved ancient and early medieval frescoes include Bagh Caves, Ellora Caves, Sittanavasal, Armamalai Cave, Badami Cave Temples and other locations. Late Roman Empire (Christian) 1st-2nd-century frescoes were found in catacombs beneath Rome, and Byzantine Icons were also found in Cyprus, Crete, Ephesus, Cappadocia, and Antioch. The Foujita chapel in Reims completed in 1966, is an example of modern frescos, the interior being painted with religious scenes by the School of Paris painter Tsuguharu Foujita. During the Nayak period, the Chola paintings were painted over. Henri Clément Serveau produced several frescos including a three by six meter painting for the Lycée de Meaux, where he was once a student. a painting that is applied to a wall surface. Find below definitions and meanings of Fresco. Decorative artist Melissa White created a beautiful 24 panel Livia Fresco Secco in a private residence in Notting Hill, London, in 2011. Difficult sections are removed with soft brushes and localized vacuuming. Also find a similar words the begin with the same characters, end with the same characters, anagrams, reverse anagrams, word scrambles and words with similar letters. … By the end of the sixteenth century this had largely displaced buon fresco, and was used by painters such as Gianbattista Tiepolo or Michelangelo. fresco (countable and uncountable, plural frescos or frescoes) 1. They are the only surviving secular art from antiquity found in Sri Lanka today. Their identification has been a core area of research on the subject since the time of the site's rediscovery in 1819. [6][7][8][9][10] Ancient Egyptians painted many tombs and houses, but those wall paintings are not frescoes.[11]. Ancient references, however, refer to the existence of as many as five hundred of these frescoes. In southern Italy, at Paestum, which was a Greek colony of the Magna Graecia, a tomb containing frescoes dating back to 470 BC, the so-called Tomb of the Diver was discovered in June 1968. For wholly a secco work, the intonaco is laid with a rougher finish, allowed to dry completely and then usually given a key by rubbing with sand. The pigment is absorbed by the wet plaster; after a number of hours, the plaster dries in reaction to air: it is this chemical reaction which fixes the pigment particles in the plaster. Blue was a particular problem, and skies and blue robes were often added a secco, because neither azurite blue nor lapis lazuli, the only two blue pigments then available, works well in wet fresco.[5]. Fresco is a way of painting pictures. Whether you've studied art history or not, you're probably familiar with the world's most famous fresco: Michelangelo's paintings on the walls and ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome. A wall painting is sometimes called afresco by mistake. People use the phrase “Middle Ages” to describe Europe between the fall of Rome in 476 CE and the beginning of the Renaissance in the 14th century. The word fresco … One shows a group of men reclining at a symposium while another shows a young man diving into the sea. The additional a secco work would be done to make changes, and sometimes to add small details, but also because not all colours can be achieved in true fresco, because only some pigments work chemically in the very alkaline environment of fresh lime-based plaster. Roman wall paintings, such as those at the magnificent Villa dei Misteri (1st century B.C.) There have been comparatively few frescoes created since the 1960s but a new generation of wall painters are reviving and reinvigorating the tradition.[21]. It is not simply a gender split, For example many young working people are forced by the current economy to … They probably synchronised with the completion of the temple by Rajaraja Cholan the Great. A third type called a mezzo-fresco is painted on nearly dry intonaco—firm enough not to take a thumb-print, says the sixteenth-century author Ignazio Pozzo—so that the pigment only penetrates slightly into the plaster. [23] Italian modern-classical artist Roberto Ruspoli has painted several figurative frescoes, notably in the Paris restaurant Drouant in 2019,[24] and a ceiling for architect Fabrizio Casiraghi’s apartment. If mistakes have been made, it may also be necessary to remove the whole intonaco for that area—or to change them later, a secco. A true fresco is painted onto plaster that is fresh. (a picture made by…. One of the first painters in the post-classical period to use this technique was the Isaac Master (or Master of the Isaac fresco, and thus a name used to refer to the unknown master of a particular painting) in the Upper Basilica of Saint Francis in Assisi. Too slow and the plaster hardens, and then you've got a lot of chipping away to do. The word fresco … Perhaps the most significant contribution to contemporary fresco in recent years is that of British artist Charles Snell,[25] and his studio Aster Muro. Brihadisvara Temple c. 1100, The 18th-century BC fresco of the Investiture of Zimrilim discovered at the Royal Palace of ancient Mari in Syria. École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts, Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne, Allegory of Divine Providence and Barberini Power, The Ducal Rotunda of the Virgin Mary and St Catherine, Fresco Cycle of The Miracles of the Virgin of Guadalupe, Ancient and medieval Indian cave paintings - Internet encyclopedia, Kirsten Trampedach, "Introduction to Danish wall paintings - Conservation ethics and methods of treatment from the National Museum of Denmark", Ministère de la Culture (France) - Médiathèque de l'architecture et du patrimoine, Exposition internationale des arts et techniques de 1937, Conseil régional d'Ile-De-France - Service de l'Inventaire général du patrimoine culturel, Serena Fokschaner, "A fresco to go: the new artists bringing magic to your walls,", Hadley Keller, "Pierre Yovanovitch Unveils Fresco in his Provence Chapel", Fleur Burlet, "Art Deco Restaurant Drouant Reopens In Paris".